Extreme heat & heatwaves

Explore climate indicators and data resources relevant to extreme heat and heatwaves in Canada.

Module

Climate Hazards

Format

Article

Time to completion

15 minutes

Last update: August 2026

NOTE: The information on this page is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive. Content is updated periodically as more information becomes accessible. Readers are encouraged to consider complementary information.

Key message(s) from Canada’s Changing Climate Report 2026

Key Message 8.2: Increases in the intensity and frequency of hot extremes and decreases in the intensity and frequency of cold extremes are projected for all regions of Canada, with changes becoming larger as global mean temperature increases (very high confidence).

Future changes in extreme heat and heatwaves in Canada

Extreme heat and heatwaves can occur at the same time as other hazards and be linked to other climate related hazards. To better understand extreme heat and heatwaves, this table can be considered with the tables on Wildfire and fire weather and Drought.

This table connects a climate-related hazard with readily available and relevant climate variables and indicators. Knowledge of regional characteristics is key for interpreting and using climate information in local planning. Where possible, project context, local knowledge, traditional knowledge, and/or additional assessments or studies can inform indicator selection and interpretation, to support the link from data to decision-making. Visit the Climate Hazards module to see the full list of hazard tables available, and to view the methodology and inclusion criteria for the tables.

Future changesRelevant climate variables and indicatorsClimate Data Sources*
Hotter maximum temperatures.Maximum temperature: The average maximum temperature in a selected period

National

Regional

More hot days.Hot days: Number of hot days where the maximum temperature is above a locally relevant threshold such as 25 or 30°C

National

Regional

  • Quebec: Climate Portraits (Max temp>30, 32)
Local hot days: Percentage of days when daily maximum temperature is above the 90th percentile

National

More hot nights.Hot nights: Number of hot nights (tropical nights) where the minimum temperature is above a locally relevant threshold such as 18 or 22°C

National

Regional

  • Climate Portraits (Number of warm nights Min temp>18, 20, 22)
More humidex days.Humidex days: Number of humidex days over a locally relevant felt threshold such as 30 or 40

National

Hottest day becoming hotter.Hottest day: Highest maximum temperature in a selected period

National

Regional

Hottest Day Return Level: Extreme temperature events (max daily max temp) that would be expected to occur once during a specified return period

National

Increasing frequency, intensity, duration, and changes in timing of heatwaves.

Heatwaves (as defined by locally relevant thresholds):

  • Number of heatwaves
  • Average length of heatwaves
  • Longest spell of 30°C days: longest series of consecutive days with maximum temperature ≥ 30°C
  • Hot (30°C) Season: The number of days from the first day of the year with maximum temperature ≥ 30°C to the last day with maximum temperature ≥ 30°C

National

Regional

Increased cooling needs.Cooling degree days

National

Regional

  • Climate Portraits (Cooling degree-days>18, 22)
Increases in July design temperatures.

Building design temperatures:

  • July 2.5% dry bulb design temperatures: Also called July temperature 97.5%
  • July 2.5% wet design temp: Also called July wet-bulb temperature 97.5%

National

* Additional advanced data analytics tools listed on the Climate Hazards page provide more complex data download options, programming environments and specialized software to support bulk downloads, custom data processing, and analysis of large Canada-wide datasets, and include additional data not listed here.

More information about this hazard from ClimateData.ca